大流行后成功公共领域的设计原则

在我看来, there are six key factors that maximize the successful adaptation of public space to unexpected circumstances:

1. 多官能度
而不是专业化, 公共领域需要设计, 尽可能多, 作为各向同性空间. 它必须连续或同时工作于多个用途, 包括今天可能不需要或可能还不存在的用途. 想想把汽车流通空间改造成自行车道, 弹出式测试设备, 或者户外用餐. 空间不需要迎合 all 可能的用途，但应具有足够宽的功能带宽以具有弹性.

2. 松配合
公共空间, 无论是公园还是人行道, needs to have generous enough dimensions to flexibly adapt to changing and evolving requirements. Whoever has designed a street cross section knows that the possibilities increase exponentially relative to the available right-of-way width — there’s only so much a 6-foot sidewalk can accomplish in terms of functional flexibility. 然而，超大尺寸必须仔细考虑. 避免贫瘠, 个人的空间, 场所需要设计成“适合一人或十人使用”,000,Jan Gehl提醒我们.

3. 冗余
A critical aspect for adaptability and resilience is the ability to provide access, 循环, 并在多个地点提供服务. 如果你只能走一条路, 或者如果你只能在一个地方接通水或电, 对不断变化的环境迅速作出反应的能力受到严重限制. 为了限制增加发行量和服务的额外成本, 路径可以跨多个模式共享, 服务可以集中在战略位置提供, 例如, 路径交叉的地方或明显的区域边界.

4. all级别的访问
进入太空是多方面的. 第一个, 这个地方需要提供多种进出方式, 促进流通及, 如果需要, 分离用户流. 第二，访问与 时间 proximity; a multimodal approach is essential to make the space convenient and safely accessible for as many people as possible within a short ‘walk/roll/ride’ time shed. 最后, 无障碍需要适用于all能力的人的通用无障碍原则, 而且还有很多类型车辆的专用通道, 按特殊条件要求.

5. 模块化
公共空间 also needs to be modular in order to be easily partitioned or closed off, particularly in cases of public safety — think of a flood-prone area like informal 足球 fields in many 拉丁美洲n favelas or a space that can be converted for pandemic testing or outdoor queuing. 但是模块化对于允许空间动态变化也很重要.e., the 时间 shrinkage and growth of spaces for specific uses given unique circumstances, 例如 the need for more outdoor dining areas given health concerns and public behaviours or preferences.

6. 信号
最后, the different areas and elements of a public space need to be easily identifiable by the public and the authorities so there is symmetry of information regarding expected behaviour. 虽然技术当然可以告诉用户在太空中的距离和使用, the intuitive conveyance of areas or sectors by simple design tools such as paint, 图案和材质不应被低估. It is much more complicated to tell people to not be too close together than to unequivocally show what that means. The ‘physical distancing’ circles painted recently in Domino Park in Williamsburg, 纽约市, 这是一个明显的例子(当然, 设计干预并不总是需要如此直白.)